When she talks about her job as director of culturally and linguistically responsive initiatives for the Buffalo Public Schools, Dalphne Bell reflects on “being a Black woman who didn’t grow up experiencing celebratory Black culture or any other cultural celebrations.” She adds, “It was Thanksgiving, and I only learned that the Pilgrims and everyone were having a nice meal.”

Researchers say the findings offer one of the most comprehensive national portraits to date of how immigration enforcement policies are reshaping daily life in American schools.